
LEVEL SHIFTER
• Needed for multiple voltage devices. That is, when mixing CMOS, TTL
and other IC devices, the threshold voltage levels will be different.
• Don’t make your own, buy an IC to get the correct level thresholds.
• Independent of V
CC
and V
DD
.
• Offers precise switching thresholds.
• Check for mono or bi-directional needs.
• Some have fixed Vcc values some are not.
• Typical example - Single-Supply Voltage Translator
• 1.8 V to 3.3 V (at VCC = 3.3 V)
• 2.5 V to 3.3 V (at VCC = 3.3 V)
• 1.8 V to 2.5 V (at VCC = 2.5 V)
• 3.3 V to 2.5 V (at VCC = 2.5 V)
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PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
• Wide range of forces available.
• As low as finger touch, to load cell in tons.
• Measure liquid, gas, touch force.
• Piezoelectric materials is common.
• Recommendation: Know your
environment, range & precision and go
shopping! Circuits are simple and readily
available.
• There are numerous manufactures. Start
with Mouser, DigiKey, McMaster-Carr.
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